IAS EXAM 2021

  NCERT CLASS-9 GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER-2 [PHYSICAL FEATURES OF INDIA]   India has all major physical features of the earth i.e, mountains, plains, deserts, plateaus and islands. Theory of plate tectonics- The crust (upper part) of the earth has been formed out of 7 major and some minor plates. Movement of these plates results in building up of stresses within the plates and the continental rocks above leading to folding, faulting and volcanic activity. Plate movements- 3 types-                  = some plates come towards each other and form convergent boundary.                 = some plates move away from each and form divergent boundary.                 = some plates move horizontally past each other and form transform boundary. Oldest landmass (the peninsular part), was part of the Gondwana land. Gondwana land includes India, Australia, South Africa, South America and Antarctica as one single land mass. Gondwana land- southern part of ancient super continent Pangea with Angara land int eh

  NCERT CLASS-9 GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER-1 [INDIA- SIZE AND LOCATION]   India- in northern hemisphere.                =  main land extends between latitudes 8°4’ N and 37°6’ N and longitudes 68°7’ E                      and 97°25’ E. Tropic of Cancer  (23°30’ N) divides the country into almost 2 equal halves. Andaman & Nicobar islands - Bay of Bengal. Lakshadweep islands - Arabian Sea. The southernmost point of the Indian Ocean - ‘Indira Point’ got submerged under the sea water in 2004 during the tsunami. Land mass area of India - 3.28 million sq. Km.                 = India’s total area accounts for about 2.4% of total geographical area of the world. 7th largest country. India land boundary - 15,200 km. Length of coastline of mainland including Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep - 7516.6 km. Bounded by young fold mountains- northwest, north & northeast. South of about 22° north latitude, begins to taper. From Gujarat to Arunachal Pradesh, time lag of 2 hours. Standard meridian of