IAS EXAM 2021

  NCERT CLASS-10 GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER-1 [RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT]   Resource- everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided, it is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as ‘Resource’. Process of transformation of things- interdependent relationship between nature, technology and institutions. Resource are a function of human activities. Human beings transform material available in our environment into resources and use them. Resource as can classified in the following ways:-        (a) on the basis of origin- biotic and abiotic.       (b) on the basis of exhaustibility - renewable and non- renewable.       (c) on the basis of ownership- individual, community, national and international.       (d) on the basis of status of development - potential, developed stock and reserves. On the basis of origin-                  = biotic resources- obtained from biosphere and have life such as human beings

  NCERT CLASS-9 GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER-2 [PHYSICAL FEATURES OF INDIA]   India has all major physical features of the earth i.e, mountains, plains, deserts, plateaus and islands. Theory of plate tectonics- The crust (upper part) of the earth has been formed out of 7 major and some minor plates. Movement of these plates results in building up of stresses within the plates and the continental rocks above leading to folding, faulting and volcanic activity. Plate movements- 3 types-                  = some plates come towards each other and form convergent boundary.                 = some plates move away from each and form divergent boundary.                 = some plates move horizontally past each other and form transform boundary. Oldest landmass (the peninsular part), was part of the Gondwana land. Gondwana land includes India, Australia, South Africa, South America and Antarctica as one single land mass. Gondwana land- southern part of ancient super continent Pangea with Angara land int eh

  NCERT CLASS-9 GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER-1 [INDIA- SIZE AND LOCATION]   India- in northern hemisphere.                =  main land extends between latitudes 8°4’ N and 37°6’ N and longitudes 68°7’ E                      and 97°25’ E. Tropic of Cancer  (23°30’ N) divides the country into almost 2 equal halves. Andaman & Nicobar islands - Bay of Bengal. Lakshadweep islands - Arabian Sea. The southernmost point of the Indian Ocean - ‘Indira Point’ got submerged under the sea water in 2004 during the tsunami. Land mass area of India - 3.28 million sq. Km.                 = India’s total area accounts for about 2.4% of total geographical area of the world. 7th largest country. India land boundary - 15,200 km. Length of coastline of mainland including Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep - 7516.6 km. Bounded by young fold mountains- northwest, north & northeast. South of about 22° north latitude, begins to taper. From Gujarat to Arunachal Pradesh, time lag of 2 hours. Standard meridian of

  NCERT CLASS-8 GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER-1 [RESOURCES]   Resource- everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided, it is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as ‘Resource’. Utility or usability is what makes an object or substance a resource. Value means worth. Some resources have economic value, some do not. For example, metals may have an economic value, a beautiful landscape may not. But both are important and satisfy human needs Patent: It means the exclusive right over any idea or invention. Technology: It is the application of latest knowledge and skill in doing or making things. Time and technology are two important factors that can change substances into resources.  Both are related to the needs of the people. People themselves are the most important resource. It is their ideas, knowledge, inventions and discoveries that lead to the creation of more resources.     TYPES OF RESOURCES- ● Resou

  NCERT CLASSS-7 GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER-3 [OUR CHANGING EARTH]   Lithospheric plates: The earth’s crust consists of several large and some small, rigid, irregularly- shaped plates (slabs) which carry continents and the ocean floor. The lithosphere is broken into a number of plates known as the Lithospheric plates. This is because of the movement of the molten magma inside the earth. The molten magma inside the earth moves in a circular manner. The movement of these plates causes changes on the surface of the earth. The earth movements are divided on the basis of the forces which cause them. The forces which act in the interior of the earth are called as Endogenic forces and the forces that work on the surface of the earth are called as Exogenic forces. Endogenic forces sometimes produce sudden movements and at the other times produce slow movements. Sudden movements like earthquakes and volcanoes cause mass destruction over the surface of the earth.   VOLCANO-         ● A volcano is a vent

  NCERT CLASS-7 GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER-2 [INSIDE OUR EARTH]   The earth, our homeland is a dynamic planet. It is constantly undergoing changes inside and outside. INTERIOR OF THE EARTH- ● Just like an onion, the earth is made up of several concentric layers with one inside another. ● The uppermost layer over the earth’s surface is called the crust. ● It is the thinnest of all the layers. ●    it is about 35 km. ● on the continental masses and only 5 km on the ocean floors.   SIAL / SIMA /NIFE ● The main mineral constituents of the continental mass are silica and alumina. ● It is thus called sial (si-silica and al-alumina). ● The oceanic crust mainly consists of silica and magnesium; it is therefore called sima (si-silica and ma-magnesium). ● Just beneath the crust is the mantle which extends up to a depth of 2900 km. below the crust. ● The innermost layer is the core with a radius of about 3500 km. ● It is mainly made up of nickel and iron and is called nife (ni – nickel and fe – ferrous i.

  NCERT CLASS-7 GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER-1 [ENVIRONMENT]    The place, people, things and nature that surround any living organism is called environment. It is a combination of natural and human made phenomena. While the natural environment refers to both biotic and abiotic conditions existing on the earth, human environment reveals the activities, creations and interactions among human beings. Lithosphere is the solid crust or the hard top layer of the earth. It is made up of rocks and minerals and covered by a thin layer of soil. LITHOSPHERE- ● It is an irregular surface with various landforms such as mountains, plateaus, plains, valleys, etc. ● Landforms are found over the continents and also on the ocean floors. ● Lithosphere is the domain that provides us forests, grasslands for grazing, land for agriculture and human settlements. ● It is also a source of mineral wealth. HYDROSPHERE- ● The domain of water is referred to as hydrosphere. It comprises various sources of water and different

  NCERT CLASS- 6 GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER- 8 [INDIA: CLIMATE, VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE]     The main seasons recognised in India are:-                     — Cold weather season (winter)- December to February.                     — Hot weather season (summer)- March to May.                     — Southwest monsoon season (rainy)- June to September.                     — Season of retreating monsoon (autumn)- October to November. Cold weather season or winter                  = Sun rays do not fall directly in the region.                  = Temperature are quite low in northern India. Hot weather season or summer                  = Sun rays falls directly, temperatures becomes very high.                  = Hot and dry winds called loo, blow during the day. South- west monsoon or rainy season                  = marked by onset and advances of monsoon.                  = wind blows from Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal towards the land. Season of retreating monsoon or autumn.                  = wind m

NCERT CLASS-6 GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER- 7 [OUR COUNTRY- INDIA]     India- from north bound by Himalayas, Arabian Sea in the west, the Bay of Bengal in the east and Indian Ocean in south.                 = India has an area of about 3.28 million sq. Km. Kashmir to Kanyakumari- 3200 km. Arunachal Pradesh to Kuchchh- 2900 km. India, located in the Northern hemisphere. Tropic of Cancer (23°30’N) passes almost halfway through the country. From south to north, main land extends between 8°4N and 37°6N latitudes. From west to east =, India extends between 68°7’ E and 97°25’ E longitudes. Large countries which stretch from east to west extensively do not have a single standard time for the whole country.                 = The USA and Canada have 7 and 6 time zones respectively. The sun rises about 2 hours earlier in the east (Arunachal Pradesh) than in the west (Gujarat). There are 7 countries that shares land boundaries with India. Across the sea to the south, lie our island neighbours- Sri Lanka and